Nigerian English

There is such a thing as Nigerian English. It is the particular variety of English spoken by Nigerians in Nigeria, and it differs significantly from standard British English. This is important because English is the most commonly used language in the world, for communications, scholarship, business, international relations and diplomacy, education, science and information technology, and entertainment. Nigerian English is not the same as Pidgin. Pidgin is not English- it sounds like it, being mostly derived from English words, but the words have been so modified and other words added, that the product rather than being an English variant, is another language entirely.

Nigerian English on the other hand is an English variant, just as is American English. It is said to have several sources, the major one being linguistic improvisation- the wholesale replacement of local language expressions with English words, which produces expressions that are understood by Nigerians but not by other English speaking people. If for instance, I said I wanted to call on David on my way to the market, one might ask what I was calling on him for. If however, I said I wanted to branch (at) David's place....even though there is no such legitimate English use of the word "branch", my meaning is unmistakable, being a modified form of the Yoruba "ya" i.e. "Mo n lo s'oja; sugbon maa ya odo David".

Another example is a greeting used for people working- "well done." It is simply a translation of "ji si ike" or "saanu da aiki" or "eku ise." Well done in English proper means either "bravo!" or well cooked food. The English do not salute workers in that manner; just as they'd be a tad perplexed if when they tripped or lost their footing, you said "sorry" to them. "Sorry?" They say something like "Be careful", "Watch it", which would be perceived in Nigeria as inconsiderate.

This illustrates the fact that many African cultures are informally relational in a large family, community based manner.
There are many unique Nigerian sociocultural thoughts that English is not well suited to. Therefore we translate or anglicize our local languages in an attempt to produce what is meant. This is why folks say that African languages are deeper than English, and that English does not have the words to express certain things. Well, that is only partly true. In matters that are truly African- a foreign language would have need of modification.

This modification is however common to all languages. An Englishman would find it difficult to to explain the parliamentary system of government, or the anatomy of the brain, or matters that are derived from English custom and lifestyle in Igbira or Hausa, because these are not original Nigerian thoughts. They were probably studied and derived in Grecio-Roman through Latin to English languages- so English has lexical and syntactic coverage of such concepts. On the other hand- a typical traditional marriage ceremony, or cultural festival will find English short.

I read somewhere that Professor Wole Soyinka's citation when he was admitted into the Royal Society of Arts, read something like "Mr. Soyinka is a prolific writer in the vernacular English of his own country", and that he did not like that. However that was fairly accurate. Chinua Achebe defended his literary contortions of English language to express uniqely Nigerian thoughts by saying "any language that has the cheek to leave its primordial shores and encroach on the territory of other people should learn to come to terms with the inevitable reality that it would be domesticated"

Nigerian English is not that which is spoken by the uneducated. It is spoken by graduates, English teachers, researchers, professors, television show presenters, newsreaders. Most of what we hear and read in the dailies, classrooms, and at the workplace is not communicated in standard British English. It takes personal effort to learn proper English, or should I say standard British English; because there is nothing wrong with domesticating a foreign language so long as we abide by the basic rules of its grammar. If the Americans are allowed to get away with things like "different than" and "on the weekend" (instead of "at the weekend"), maybe we should be proud of our "Long time!" or "Long time, no see" ("It's been quite an age") and our "Say me well to your sister" (my warm regards to your...")

I also read that when a Nigerian told his colleagues in a foreign country that he "bagged" his degree in a certain university, one of them had asked him, "Sorry, what did you say you did to your bachelor's degree?" We bag degrees here, they earn it elsewhere. They however bag whatever they catch in a hunting expedition. We also "barb" hair only here in Nigeria. Elsewhere, they have a haircut. To "barb" in English means to supply with barbed wire. Therefore barbers do not "barb" hair, except of course, in Nigeria. We also have "hot drinks" at room temperature, instead of "hard drinks", and "minerals", instead of "soft drinks", or (the American) "soda".

Another interesting word is "tout"- which is used as "hooligan" or "tough-guy". Although there is an element of boldness embodied in the meaning of the word, it does not approximate to hooliganism by any means. Rather, "Tout" and "Marketer" are similes. Therefore for instance, we have "touts" in the banks, but not our banks. Call a salesperson a tout, and fists may be employed to remind one of geography. A person cannot be 'a' mediocre', or 'a talkative' or 'a destitute'. They could however be mediocre or a-talkative-person. Those are adjectives, rather than nouns. And to say that something is outrightly wrong is outright wrong. (hope we saw that; outright is an adverb, it is not an adjective).

Words like "flash", "flashing" and "flasher" are also unique to us. The closest one might find out there, is "buzz" (but not "buzzer", which is a device that alerts you with a buzzing sound)" "You buzzed me" but not "That guy is a buzzer!" Another one is "I'm coming, I want to ease myself" Your British or American friend might not understand a word of that sentence. The "I'm coming expression" is quite common, and seems inappropriate because the speaker is usually moving away from you. "I'd be right back, I need to use the restroom" is more standard. Another example is "I've been trying your number since morning", even though the speaker started making attempts in the afternoon.

We have words which do not exist in any English dictionary, such as "watchnight", "sendforth", "naming ceremony" and "disvirgin". The closest to that last one in the dictionary is "deflower". We also say things like "Go and baff" ("Go have a bath" or the American "take a bath" or "Go bathe"), " He chooked me" (jabbed or poked). Chook is an English word, but it refers to a type of chicken or so. More examples are "godfatherism", "mannerless" instead of "ill-mannered", "letter-headed paper", instead of "letterhead", "vandalisation" instead of "vandalism" and "complimentary card" instead of "business card".

The matters of pronunciation and stress have not been broached. There are 23 different vowel sounds in English, which we tend to collapse into our six or seven! Speaking with a British accent does not equate with speaking proper English. Many English persons who do not speak standard English. One can make a fine job of properly articulating the language with a well polished Nigerian accent. [The b in subtle, climb, climber, dumb, dumbest, comb, debt, and indebtedness (indetidnis); the t in castle, the p in receipt, and the s in debris (dei-bree) are silent. The ch in chalet, sachet (sa-shey) and champagne (sham-payne) is pronounced 'sh'. Brochure is 'brow-shor', not 'bro-kio'. Excited is 'ik-sai-tid', not 'eg-zai-ted', cruel is 'kroo-ool', cause is 'koz', women is 'we-men', pizza is 'peet-sa' and bouquet is 'bu-kay']

In British English, "I would suggest" means "do it", not "think about it". "That was quite good" means it was a bit disappointing, and "that's not bad at all" means "that's very good". "Oh incidentally/by the way" refers to the primary purpose of discussion, and not some unimportant detail. "That is very interesting" means "that is clearly nonsense", not "that is impressive", just as "that's a brave proposal" means "you've lost your mind", and not "you have got courage". "With the greatest respect" means the addressed is perceived to be stupid, and "You must come for dinner", is polite speech, and does not mean you're being invited. "I have a few minor comments" means you should rewrite completely. "You want to leave now" is not a question or a suggestion. It means "leave now". Bear in mind that when Britons speak thus, it is without facially evident sarcasm or irony. They speak these with a straight face, as though the statements were to be taken literally. Alas! We know better. It is British (pseudo) politeness- (some foreign workers are taught to recognize this manner of speaking in their first few weeks in Great Britain).

In conclusion (not conclusively), it is recommended that standard British English be learnt alongside Nigerian English, as both are useful. In fact if you speak standard English in Nigeria, it is likely you will be misunderstood, misquoted, and probably frustrate others and be yourself frustrated. Almost none of us Nigerians are exempt from this variant of English, and there is no need to shy away from it, as long as grammar is respected. However, for the international scene, listening to British news stations, and reading standard English literature such as the English classics may keep us from saying something like "they have taken light", and "it is doing me like eating rice!"

Cheers

Tithes III.

Jesus often taught about money. Sell everything you have and give to the poor, and you will have treasure in heaven. Then come, follow me, said Jesus to a rich man (Luke 18:22). He said the same thing to his disciples (12:33). He praised a widow who put two coins into the temple treasury, because she gave all she had (21:4). In the new covenant, God gave all that He had, if we do not do likewise, we do not understand New Testament, neither have we received it, nor are we under it. The prodigal son received so much and spent it all for His pleasure, what did He profit Him? He ended up with the pigs. The older son was waiting for His father to reward Him for faithful service, what did it profit Him? He did not know that all things His father had were freely His to use. He missed it. The prodigal one probably knew, but did not know the purpose of his father's wealth. He missed it too. Neither was walking in their father's love. The older son is the faithful tither, the younger son is the non-giver. Neither understood the heart of the father. Neither was a love-giver. (Luke 15:11-32).

Until the New Covenant is understood in the context of God's love, all we have is new wine poured into old wine skins.(Luke 5:37) Strife and divisions and burdens of all kinds. For God so loved the world that he gave(John 3:16)...that is where it begins, and how it works. You can give and not love(1Cor 13:3), but you cannot love and not give. It is impossible. Love is the basis for giving in the New Covenant. Love is the principle in the New Covenant. God wants us to be givers. The highest motivation for giving is love. He wants love to be at the back of our giving, not giving so that we may receive, but giving because we have received. Freely have we received, we freely give. If we give because we are asked to, because it is an obligation: today, in Christ- it profits nothing. It does not bring a blessing, Christ has brought that, and it does not remove any curse, Christ has done that. It does this: absolutely nothing. This is how the church thrived in Acts of the Apostles.

We find it difficult to impossible to cater to the needs in our churches, but the early church did not (Acts 4:34&35). Freewill giving will do far more for the course of the gospel, if we understand that this is what we do in the New Testament out of love from our hearts, than tithe will ever do for the work of the ministry. And this is what God wants us to do in the New Covenant. We cannot give by obligation and by freewill at the same time. I think one reason why there are so many needy people in Church today is because we tithe first and give second. A lot of people feel they have fulfilled their obligation to give after their tithes have been paid, and will sit with and fellowship with those in dire need within the same church without a care.  Tithing will always come in the way of giving. A few will do more than tithe, many of us more or less stop there. It is our main giving, and offerings consists of really small amounts. And the needy? We mostly pretend everyone is fine, at best we give very little for this purpose. "I've paid my tithes, I am free of obligation".

That is the way of the law. The thing about the law is that it specifies the least one should do just so that one will be blessed (thou shalt), and so that one will not be cursed (thou shall not). The law is the minimum placed on men who are unregenerated so that there will be order in the world, and God can bless it (Gal 3:19). A very good example is revenge (Matt 5:38). When a person hurts another, vengeance is usually not fair. If someone insults one, one is likely to insult them until one is satisfied, irrespective of what they said. So God says 'an eye for an eye, and a tooth for a tooth!' Think about that for a moment, how do you take a tooth back? Folks who lose a tooth after being punched in the mouth do not carefully retaliate to make sure only a tooth of the assailant is lost! They hit back until the other fellow loses all their teeth, so God is saying 'Hey, only one eye was hurt, i know if i told you not to bother, id take care of it, you wouldnt listen, but don't over do it- an eye for an eye, and a tooth for a tooth, hand for hand, foot for foot, stripe for stripe, burning for burning!'(Exod 21:24&25) That was the law, it gave the minimum to an unregenerate man in order to keep God from destroying him before the blessing came in Christ.

When Christ came and changed our hearts, we knew within ourselves what God wants, we didn't need the minimum- we could now go the extra mile. We didn't need the 600 instructions trying to balance out each other in explaining to us what God wants- we cut through to the chase and fulfilled the law in Christ,  or rather, He does so in us. So the law requires us to write a bill of divorcement, we know that in Christ it will never be necessary. It is not a boast, if we stay in Christ, it will never come to that. Marriage is wholly renewed and redefined to what it was in the beginning. Lustful looking is adultery, but man cannot help it- so God says in the law do not commit it, and says nothing about looking. Christ gives heart to the law. A man will not commit adultery if he will not even look lustfully at a woman. That is Christ.

Therefore we Christians ought to provide for our families, give to the work of ministry and the ministers of the gospel and to those in need and to the poor, to those that ask as long as we are able, and as far as God has prospered us. This is what the word of God says. Giving to the poor is one thing, and giving to ministers of the word and the work of ministry is quite another. Both ought to be done. A woman used very expensive oil to anoint the Lord. Some began to murmur and analyse the offering as waste. They said the oil could have been sold and given to the poor.(Mark 14:3-9). First Jesus rebuked them and showed us the difference between giving to the Lord directly and giving to the poor. He said wherever the gospel is preached, what she did would be mentioned. Second, the critic's motive was corrupt (John 12:6), and I dare say that is largely the case today. Many who speak against giving in the church do so with a bitter and angry spirit. A wrong spirit is a wrong spirit. It is full of bitterness and anger, it feels wronged. Such spirit cannot be trusted. A right spirit acts and speaks in love, seeks to build up, not to pull down, is genuinely concerned with error, and never insults. The Scriptures affirm that the THE LORD HAS ORDAINED that those who preach the gospel should live of the gospel (1 Cor 9:14). There is nothing further.

Finally, one might ask "Why not tithe and give?" What will the essence of that be? What does tithing do that giving will not? Why do we seek to be under obligation? Tithing is not required in the New Covenant, none of the churches practiced the same. Abraham and Melchizedek are a shadow, Christ is the Substance. We do not become justified by old testamentary patterns, rather believing in Christ gives meaning to what things they did hitherto. However, one doubts that this will change the common notion about tithing, nor does one intend for it to. As it is written-No man having drunk the old wine straightway desireth the new: for he saith, 'the old is better'(Luke 5:39). Yet still, people who entrust their lives to Jesus Christ do not worry about whether tithing is commanded or not in the New Testament. They want to give as much as possible to support the gospel and to support the poor. They want to give regularly, willingly, sacrificially, cheerfully, and generously or bountifully as a result of their relationship with God, not a way to earn it. And if it is an ordinance in the churches, by all means tithe and give. So tithing is lawful, but giving is expedient. Tithing is lawful, but giving will edify the body. Tithing is lawful, but do not be brought under its power. (1Cor 6:12; 10:23).

Agape.

Tithes I.

The tithe is a tenth of all income and is the most well defined form of giving in the church of Christ today. It is that part of the income that is given to God. The teaching of the tithe is as follows (1) It belongs to God, and is to be removed from earnings before other necessities are attended to- a sign of honor for Him.  (2) It is compulsory instead of voluntary- a requirement of God, and not a suggestion (3) It is the part that sanctifies the rest of our income and prevents unnecessary loss. This form is largely sourced from the law of tithes in Moses, and the book of the prophet Malachi.

When it comes to giving, we have different categories; first- tithers. Tithers are very few. Many Christians agree with tithing in principle. However, the record almost always shows few give a tenth of all income regularly. Then, we have non-tithers: Christians who give regularly and generously, but do not tithe, because they find no basis for it in the New Testament. A third group is the non-givers: Christians who give sparingly or who do not give at all, because they consider all giving in the churches as an enrichment scheme perpetrated by the pastorate or clergy.

It is to this last category, I now make appeal- this mini-treatise attempts to present a round table question styled approach to the matter of tithes, albeit with a definite conclusion- and is mainly for categories 1 and 2. If any comments or contributions would flow forth, kindly refrain from invective and undue criticism. All commentary deemed unnecessarily castigatory in part or in whole will be stricken from record. Writer discretion is therefore advised, and apology offered in advance for they who cannot help it.

Non-tithers (vide supra) have two related issues with the tithe as delineated in the first paragraph. First, they consider tithing to be a thing of the Old Covenant, and count the abolishing of that covenant in Christ inclusive of the end of such system of giving, and irrelevant to the church of Christ. Second, there is no mention of the tithe as a specific form of giving in the New Testament. In the early church period, giving was so well done that every one was well catered for. We find no mention of tithe in Acts of the apostles, who being Jews were well acquainted with the same, nor in any of the epistles do we find the tithe being practiced by Christians.

[Certain characteristics of the tithe in the Old Testament are worth mentioning. First, money was never tithed. Not ever. The only place where money is mentioned in relation to tithe was as a means of lightening the size of tithe for the sake of travel. At the point of arrival, the money was used to purchase tithable resources which were then used for the required purpose. Tithable items included only produce of the land(crops) and livestock. Second, there were three (3) different kinds of tithes-one for the Levitical priesthood, another for religious festival where all God's people came together to feast before the Lord, and yet another tithe was collected for the poor. Thus the tithe giver under the law gave about 25% of his yearly income or resources. And giving 10% today is doing less than even the law required. Third, a tithe was not required of everyone, the poor were exempted- rather the tithe was partly for them. Fourth, there is no more levitical priesthood. That ended with the coming of Christ. Today, every child of God is a priest of God, and Christ is our High Priest]

Nevertheless tithers hold the practice of giving a tenth to be an unchanging principle in God untarnished by the coming of Christ and the ushering in of a New Covenant. Tithing is not about the law really, but about faith. Here we are taken from Moses to Abra(ha)m who on returning triumphant from the war against 4 kings from whom he rescued his captive nephew Lot, gave a tithe of the spoils of war to Melchizedek, the priest of God (Genesis 14:20). It was a rather deep encounter, and is alluded to in Hebrews 7. The key here is that if Abraham paid tithes where there was no law, it was an act of faith, and we who are of Abraham- ought to without obligation, do likewise. It shows we acknowledge God as the owner of all things- the possessor of heaven and earth.

[Now one observation about the Abraham account is worthy of mention: He did not tithe of his personal possessions but from the spoils of war. In fact, being a different kind of man, he did not consider the spoils his property by right, though won by conquest. After he gave tithes, the rest (the 90%) give or take a few items, was returned to the King of Sodom. Abram took nothing for himself. The scriptures give no other specific mention of Abraham tithing out of his own personal wealth. However one can only wonder where Jacob learned the practice from when he vowed to give a God a tenth of his prosperity if God would bless him- he must have seen his folks do likewise. It is highly possible that it was common practice in the family of the patriachs.]

A deeper consideration is that Melchizedek received tithes- Well, Melchizedek is shown of Scriptures to be living, and a type of Christ. Therefore tithing is not a dead practice pertaining to an obsolete levitical priesthood, but rather an eternal principle with God's priesthood for all time. He received a tithe from Abraham, and Christ receives tithes from Abraham's seed. Melchizedek received tithes long before Levi was born. In fact Levi paid tithes to Melchizedek, so tithing is not about the law of Moses or the Old Covenant, but about a principle in the priesthood of God. This is a very strong assertion worth careful consideration.

Nonetheless, the question is whether a practice of Abraham translates direcly to a practice in Christ. Are Abraham's works enough evidence for legitimacy of tenancy of a thing in the real estate of Christianity? Do we begin to understand the Substance by looking at the shadow? Do we interprete the New in light of the Old, or the Old in the light of the New?  Do we become Christ's because we are Abraham's seed, or are we Abraham's seed because we are Christ's? Do we look to Abraham to understand Christ, or to understand how to relate with God in Christ? Or do we looking at Christ see the fulfilment of what Abraham was doing, or what God was trying to do in him? If we do not understand this, what he did out of faith might become law to us, and this is precisely what is considered in the next part.

Tithes II.

God instructed Abraham to circumcise every male in his household. It was a seal of the faith he had in God that separated himself and his family to God, a sanctified and blessed people, through whom God would bless the whole earth. The rest of the world was referred to as the uncircumcised. Although circumcision became a law in Israel, as did the tithe, it preceded the law of Moses (John 7:22). Nevertheless, physical circumcision has no bearing to the church of Christ whatsoever. It caused so much controversy in the early church that it would take a man with unique revelation of the nature of the gospel of Christ-Paul the apostle- to stay the bondage such an original act of faith in Abraham, but now an enforced relic of the law of Moses, would bring upon Gentile believers in Christ. (Let students of the word note that when Paul argued that the promise could not be annulled by the law which came 430 years after, he was arguing against circumcision, and not for it- even though circumcision came with the promise 430 years before the law.)

Therefore concerning the tithe, it is this revelation of Paul that we must now turn to, for it comprises the bedrock of New Testament truth- the grace of Christ, salvation by faith in Christ Jesus alone and the sufficiency of Christ for all things pertaining to life and righteousness. Christ is the end of the law for righteousness to everyone who believes. In Him, the law is accomplished. Nothing else profits anyone save faith in Christ Jesus for righteousness before God. This is what Paul discovered. (Galatians 2,3)It was the liberating truth that we call the grace of God. In Christ, circumcision would mean nothing. Peter received the revelation of the Messiah. Paul understood Christ. John received the revelation of the Word. The Messiah redeems, the Christ regenerates, so that the Word spoken from the beginning will be fulfilled.

If the land is under a curse (and it is), are those in Christ not free? If I were to give tithes so that the curse on the land, and the devourer will be rebuked, is that Christianity? Am I not under a law? and is Christ not become of no effect to me? (Gal 3:7-14)If the tithe sanctifies the rest of my income? What is the blood for? Is it enough to claim that the gospel delivers from sin and hell but not from the forces that control the earth? Do we need something else for that? Is giving to God so that the land will be blessed not like sacrificing bulls and goats so that the soul will be atoned for? Is it not what they did repeatedly, that Christ did once? If he sanctified the heavens with His blood, why is something else needed to sanctify our possessions? Does His priesthood require daily or monthly or yearly sacrifices? These are questions that need answering. (Hebrews 7:21-28; 9:22-28)

There is an Old Covenant and there is the Law of Moses. The Old Testament is more than the Law of Moses. It includes the Adamic, the Noahic, the Abrahamic and the Mosaic Covenants. It is true that the tithe is not just about the law, but about Covenant. The question is- which Covenant? The Lamb of God was slain from the foundation of the world (Rev 13:8), but before the fullness of time came, sacrifices were offered to atone for the soul. They were offered in the law, but preceded it in Abel. Abel offered, and God acknowledged him for it (Heb 11:4)but today Christ is the slain Lamb, and His blood speaks better things than the blood of Abel (Heb 12:24)! These relationships in Adam, Enoch, Noah, Abraham, Sarah, Moses, Barak, Jephthah, David, are a shadow; the substance-Christ was coming. Indeed they rejoiced to see this New Covenant. Abraham did, and rejoiced (John 8:56). Oh, David saw it mightily, and even partook of grace, but the fulness was not, until Christ (Acts 2:25-36), God having provided something better for us, so that they without us should not be made perfect! (Hebrews 11:40)

Why is this covenant better? It is because it is fool proof, tamper proof, being made of God in Christ on our behalf. Neither did we make it, nor can we break it. It is finished in Christ. He is indeed our High Priest, but He is both Priest and the Sacrifice- the Lamb of God. He is the Firstfruit, the Firstborn from the dead, and of every creature. He is our Sanctifier, the First Part that sanctifies the whole. He is the Seed. He is  our Sabbath-rest. This was done before Adam was formed, which the Old Covenant foreshadowed until the fulness of time. There is an Adamic covenant but Christ is the last Adam, and all that God started in Adam ended in Christ's death. Christ redeemed us and justified us from all things. Nothing can be added thereto or taken therefrom.

It may seem like one is trying to unduely spiritualise things, but that is exactly what being circumcised in the heart sounded like to the Jew Christians- "....in the heart??! What does that mean? Excuse me!" (or Excise me!).And every student of the word would agree that Christ has justified us from all things (Acts 13:39), and with Him we have all things (Romans 8:32). We are blessed, and cannot be cursed. Not if we stand in Christ. So what do we do about giving? Some people act as if Christ liberates us from the law so that we can do as we please. That is false. Christ liberates us so that we can be free to serve him, The New Testament is not about faith alone or works alone, but faith that works, and real living faith- it works by love. which is the last part of this matter.